{"id":548,"date":"2019-07-27T17:59:46","date_gmt":"2019-07-27T22:59:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/?page_id=548"},"modified":"2020-10-08T23:00:08","modified_gmt":"2020-10-09T04:00:08","slug":"social-class-of-jobs-and-professions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/social-class-of-jobs-and-professions\/","title":{"rendered":"Social Class of Jobs and Professions"},"content":{"rendered":"

Selection of Jobs and Crafts in Victorian England<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

According to John Burnett’s The Annals of Labour<\/span>, before the Industrial Revolution workers divided into two basic categories, skilled craftsmen, “who had learnt a specialized craft or ‘mystery’ by apprenticeship,” and unskilled laborers, “who had only muscular strength to sell,” but the arrival of the “factory system” “vastly complicated this traditional distinction by virtually creating a new category of manual worker \u2014 the machine-minder, or factory operative who, though intimately familiar with the particular, sub-divided operation of his machine, was able to exercise only limited judgement or discretion over its performance. For him \u2014 or for her, since a high proportion of such workers, especially in the textile factories, were female \u2014 a short period of training rather than a long apprenticeship was generally all that was necessary.?<\/p>\n

According to John Burnett, Victorian craftsman, who stood at the apex of the hierarchy of labor, possessed<\/p>\n

“certain characteristics which marked him off clearly from the rest.\u00a0 Most importantly, he possessed a degree of skill \u2014 a combination of manual dexterity and acquired knowledge \u2014 which gave him command over his materials and tools and a high degree of control over the quality of the finished product. This skill almost always entitled him to higher wages and to more regular employment than the unskilled worker, and released him from the drudgery of fetching and carrying, preparatory and rough work, to concentrate on the more exacting, and more creative, tasks. Historically, the craftsman’s wage was approximately double that of the labourer, and although this differential probably narrowed somewhat during the nineteenth century the gap remained very wide: for engineering labourers in large provincial towns the weekly wage in 1867 was 15s. or 16s. while that of skilled men was 30s. Socially and culturally, the gaps were even wider. Most skilled workers, well before the days of compulsory schooling, had received some elementary education.”<\/p>\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
\n

Various Occupations and Social Class<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Upper Class = UC \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 Middle Class = MC\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Upper Working Class = UWC\u00a0 Lower Working Class = LWC\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Destitute = D<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Agricultural labourer, farm servant, shepherd<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Domestic servant<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cotton, calico, manufacture, printing&dyeing (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cotton, calico, manufacture, printing&dyeing (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Labourer<\/td>\nLWC, D<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Farmer, grazier<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Boot and shoe maker<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Milliner, dressmaker<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coal miner<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carpenter, joiner<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Army and navy, enlisted & non commissioned ranks<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Army and navy, Junior Officers<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Army and navy, Senior Officers<\/td>\nUC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tailor<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Washerwomen, mangler, laundry keeper<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Woollen cloth manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Woollen cloth manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Silk manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Silk manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Blacksmith<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Worsted manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Worsted manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mason, paver<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Messenger, porter and errand boy<\/td>\nLWC, D<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Linen, flax manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Linen, flax manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Seaman (merchant service) on shore or in British ports<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Grocer<\/td>\nLWC, UWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gardener<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Iron manufacture, moulder, founder (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Iron manufacture, moulder, founder (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Innkeeper, licensed victualler, beershop keeper<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Seamstress, shirtmaker<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bricklayer<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Butcher, meat salesman<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hose (stocking) manufacturer (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hose (stocking) manufacturer (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Schoolmaster\/mistress<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lace manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lace manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plumber, painter, glazier<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Baker<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carman, carrier, carter, drayman<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Charwoman<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Draper (linen and woolen) (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Draper (linen and woolen) (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Engine and machine maker (employee)<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Engine and machine maker (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Commercial clerk\/book keeper<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cabinet maker, upholsterer (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cabinet maker, upholsterer (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Teacher (various) governess<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fisherman\/woman<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Boat, barge man\/woman<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Miller<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Earthenware manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Earthenware manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sawyer<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Railway labourer<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Straw-plait manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Straw-plait manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Brick maker, dealer (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Brick maker, dealer (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Government Civil Service clerk<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Government Civil Service manager<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Government Civil Service Senior Level<\/td>\nUC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hawker, peddler<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wheelwright<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Glover<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shopkeeper (branch undefined) (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shopkeeper (branch undefined) (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Horsekeeper, groom (not domestic), jockey<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nail manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nail manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Iron miner<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Printer<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nurse medical(not domestic servant)<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Orderly, medical<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shipwright, shipbuilder<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stone quarrier (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stone quarrier (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lodging house keeper<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lead miner<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Copper miner<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Straw hat and bonnet maker (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Straw hat and bonnet maker (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cooper (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cooper (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Watch and clock maker (employee)<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Watch and clock maker<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Brewer (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Brewer (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dock labourer, dock and harbour service<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Clergyman of the Established [Anglican] Church<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Protestant Dissenting minister<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Police, Patrol<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Police, Detective<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plasterer (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pasterer (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Warehouse man\/woman (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Warehouse (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Saddler, harness maker (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Saddler, harness maker (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hatter, hat manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hatter, hat manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coachman (not domestic servant) guard, postboy<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Law clerk<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coachmaker (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coachmaker (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cowkeeper, milkseller<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ropemaker (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ropemaker (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Druggist<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Surgeon, apothecary<\/td>\nUWC, MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tin miner<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Paper manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Paper manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coalheaver, coal labourer<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Greengrocer, fruiterer<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Muslin manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Muslin manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Confectioner (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Confectioner (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tinman, tinker, pin plate worker (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tinman, tinker, pin plate (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Staymaker (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Staymaker (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Solicitor, attorney, writer to the Signet<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Barrister, attorney<\/td>\nMC, UC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dyer, scourer, calenderer (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dyer, scourer, calenderer (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Currier (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Currier (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Builder<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Farm bailiff<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hairdresser, wig maker (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hairdresser, wig maker (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coal merchant\/dealer (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coal merchant\/dealer (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Glass manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Glass manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carpet and rug manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carpet and rug manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Goldsmith, silversmith (employee)<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Goldsmith, silversmith (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Brass founder, moulder, manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Brass founder, moulder, manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Maltster (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Maltster (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Railway officer, clerk, station master<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Book binder (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Book binder (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Road labourer<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wine and spirit merchant<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fishmonger<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Merchant<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ribbon manufacture (employee)<\/td>\nLWC, MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ribbon manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Land proprietor<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Railway Company’s servant, Porter, Attendant<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Costermonger, General dealer, Huckster (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Costermonger, General dealer, Huckster (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Beerseller (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Beerseller (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dockyards Artificers, Labourers<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Boiler maker (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Boiler maker (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gunsmith, Gun manfacturer (employee)<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gunsmith, Gun manufacture (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manufacturer, Mechanic (employee)<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manufacturer, Mechanic (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chelsea Pensioner<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Brush, broom maker, seller (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Brush, broom maker, seller (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Provision Curer,dealer (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Provision Curer,dealer (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Commercial traveller<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Railway Engine Driver, Stoker<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Miner, Coal (branch undefined)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Engine driver, stoker (branch undefined)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Government messengers and workmen<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Machinist, machine worker (branch undefined)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Agent, broker, factor<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Musician, Music master<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cutler<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ironmonger, hardware dealer (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ironmonger, hardware dealer (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tobacco,cigar, snuff manufacturer (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tobacco,cigar, snuff manufacturer (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Weaver (not otherwise described) (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Weaver (not otherwise described) (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gasworks service<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Municipal, Parish, Union Officer, Postal Manager<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Institution service, orphanage, work house, postal clerk<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wood, timber merchant\/dealer (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wood, timber merchant\/dealer (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Corn, flour, seed merchant\/dealer (employee)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Corn, flour, seed merchant\/dealer (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gamekeeper<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manufacturing chemist, labourer (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manufacturing chemist, (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stationer (not law)<\/td>\nMC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bank service, clerk<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bank service (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nMC\/UC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Box and packing case maker (employee)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Box and packing case maker (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nUWC\/MC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coal mine service, supplies<\/td>\nUWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Street Sweeper<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rag Picker<\/td>\nLWC, D<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Beggar<\/td>\nD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mud Lark<\/td>\nD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rat Catcher<\/td>\nD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chimney Sweep (employee) (usually small boys)<\/td>\nLWC, D<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chimney Sweep (manager\/owner)<\/td>\nLWC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Note: Being the paid Manager of a factory, shop, warehouse or business is generally an Upper Working Class position. Being the Owner of the factory, shop, warehouse or business is often a Middle Class position.<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Selection of Jobs and Crafts in Victorian England According to John Burnett’s The Annals of Labour, before the Industrial Revolution workers divided into two basic categories, skilled craftsmen, “who had learnt a specialized craft or ‘mystery’ by apprenticeship,” and unskilled … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/548"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=548"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/548\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1173,"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/548\/revisions\/1173"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=548"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}