{"id":668,"date":"2019-07-29T20:41:54","date_gmt":"2019-07-30T01:41:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/?page_id=668"},"modified":"2019-07-30T11:28:51","modified_gmt":"2019-07-30T16:28:51","slug":"money","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/money\/","title":{"rendered":"Money"},"content":{"rendered":"

The English Monetary System in the Victorian Period<\/strong><\/p>\n

Money was divided into pounds (\u00a3) shillings (s. or \/-) and pennies (d.). Thus, 4 pounds, eight shillings and fourpence would be written as \u00a34\/8\/4d. or \u00a34-8-4d.\u00a0\u00a0 The written amount 2 \/ 5 \/ 4 means, 2 pounds, 5 shillings, 4 pence (equal to about $10.99 in U.S. currency). The entry for \u2018pounds\u2019 is dropped if the amount is less than one pound, and not uncommonly, prices may be listed in shillings, even if more than one pound: thus the amount of \u201c1 pound, 8 shillings, 6 pence\u201d could be written \u201c\u00a31\/8\/6\u201d, or more frequently \u201c28\/6.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
There are<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a020 shillings in\u00a0\u00a31 – a shilling was often called ‘bob’, so ‘ten bob’ was 10\/-<\/strong><\/p>\n

12 pennies in1 shilling<\/strong><\/p>\n

240 pennies in \u00a31<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Pennies are broken down into other coins:<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0a farthing (a fourth- thing) was \u00bc of a penny<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0a halfpenny (hay-p’ny) was \u00bd of a penny<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
three farthings was \u00be of a penny<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Other coins of a value less than 1\/- are<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\na half-groat (2d)<\/strong><\/td>\n6 x 2d = 1\/-<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a threepenny bit (3d) made of silver<\/strong><\/td>\n4 x 3d. = 1\/-<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a groat (4d)<\/strong><\/td>\n3 x 4d = 1\/-<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sixpence (silver) – often called a ‘tanner’<\/strong><\/td>\n2 x 6d = 1\/-<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coins of more than 1\/- but less than \u00a31 in value are<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\na two shilling piece (called a florin)<\/strong><\/td>\n10 x 2\/- = \u00a31<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a half-crown ( 2\/6d)<\/strong><\/td>\n8 x 2\/6d = \u00a31<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a crown (5\/-)<\/strong><\/td>\n4 x 5\/- = \u00a31<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ten shillings (a half-sovereign)<\/strong><\/td>\n2 x 10\/- = \u00a31<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a half-guinea (10\/6d)<\/strong><\/td>\n2 x 10\/6d = \u00a31\/1\/-<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A \u00a31 coin is called a Sovereign and is made of gold.\u00a0 A paper pound is often called a ‘quid’.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coins of more than \u00a31 are<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\na guinea (\u00a31\/1\/-) (No longer in circulation)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a \u00a35 coin (Very rare, last struck 135 years ago)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

There are a few ‘obsolete’ coins that might surface in England.<\/span><\/p>\n

The two guinea coin was last struck in 1753, it has a value of 42 shillings. <\/span>
\nThe five guinea coin was last struck 1753, it has a value of 105 shillings<\/span><\/p>\n

US Dollars vs British \u00a3\/s\/d<\/p>\n

Exchange: \u00a31 = $4.80 \u20134.90<\/i><\/span>\u00a0 (A quick rule- of thumb was that 1 pound equaled 5 dollars, or 1 shilling equaled 25 cents.)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
US Equivalent $<\/strong><\/th>\nBronze Coins<\/strong><\/th>\nSilver Coins<\/strong><\/th>\nGold Coins<\/strong><\/th>\nPaper Notes<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
$ .0025<\/strong><\/td>\nFarthing<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ .01<\/strong><\/td>\nHalf Penny<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ .02<\/strong><\/td>\nPenny<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ .06<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nThree Penny<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ .08<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nFour Penny<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ .12<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nSix Penny<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ .25<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nShilling<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ .50<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nFlorin<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ .62<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nHalf Crown<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ 1.00<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nDouble Florin<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ 1.25<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nCrown<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ 2.50<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nHalf Sovereign<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ 5.00<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nSovereign 1\u00a3<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ 5.25<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nGuinea*<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ 25.00<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n5 Pound \u00a3<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$ 50.00<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n10 Pound \u00a3<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$100.00<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n20 Pound \u00a3<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$250.00<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n50 Pound \u00a3<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$500.00<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n100 Pound \u00a3<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

* The Guinea is no longer in circulation (though coins do turn up) and is used now primarily in accounting applications and is referenced in high class purchases (Club dues, Horses…).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Larger notes do exist, but are primarily used in bank and government transfers.<\/p>\n

The Bank of England issues notes for 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 pounds, and upwards.
\nThese are useful in paying large sums but for ordinary use, as change is not always readily procured, coins are preferable.<\/p>\n

1 Soveriegn (1\u00a3<\/span>) = $5 US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Half Soveriegn = $2.50 US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Crown = $1.25 US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Double Florin = $ <\/span>1.00<\/span> US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Half Crown = $ .62 US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Florin = $ .50 US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Shilling = $ .25 US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Six Penny = $ .12 US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Four Penny = $ .08 US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Three Penny = $ .06 US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Penny = $ .02 US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Half Penny = $ .01US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Farthing = $ .0<\/span><\/strong>025 US<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Other Currencies<\/strong><\/p>\n

Austria-Hungary<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span>100 kreuzer = 1 Gulden (Florin)<\/span><\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span><\/span>100 heller (fill\u00e9r) = 1 Corona (Korona)<\/span><\/span>
\nCoins:<\/span><\/span>
\n1, 2 heller \u2013 bronze<\/span><\/span>
\n10, 20 heller \u2013 nickel<\/span><\/span>
\nCorona, 5 corona \u2013 silver<\/span><\/span>
\n10, 100 corona \u2013 gold<\/span><\/span>
\nBills:<\/span><\/span>
\n10, 20, 50, 100, 1000 Corona <\/span><\/span>Exchange: 1 Corona = $0.233 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

One \u201ctrade coin\u201d of particular importance was the \u201cMaria Theresa Thaler\u201d \u2013 a silver coin about the size of the British crown, the American dollar, or the Mexican 8 reales. The Maria Theresa Thaler always bore the date of 1780 (the date of the Empress\u2019s death), no matter when it was minted. In many regions in North Africa and the Middle East, these coins were (and still are to this day) the main medium of exchange, so great was the trust in the value of the coin and so great the reputation of the Empress herself.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Belgium<\/b><\/p>\n

100 centimes = 1 Franc<\/span><\/span>
\nCoins:<\/span><\/span>
\n1, 2, 5, 10, 20 centimes \u2013 copper, copper\/nickel, or bronze<\/span><\/span>
\n50 centimes, 1, 2 Franc \u2013 silver<\/span><\/span>
\n20 Franc \u2013 gold<\/span><\/span>
\nBills (first issued in 1810):<\/span><\/span>
\n20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 Francs<\/span><\/span>
\nExchange: 1 Franc = $ 0.193 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bulgaria<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

100 stotinki = 1 Lev<\/span><\/span>
\n(A Lev in silver is called <\/span><\/span>Lev Strebro<\/i><\/span><\/span>, a Lev in gold is called <\/span><\/span>Lev Zlato<\/i><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span>
\nCoins:<\/span><\/span>
\n1 stotinka, 2 stotinki \u2013 bronze<\/span><\/span>
\n5, 10, 20 stotinki \u2013 copper\/nickel<\/span><\/span>
\n50 stotinki, 1 lev, 2 leva \u2013 silver<\/span><\/span>
\n20, 100 leva \u2013 gold<\/span><\/span>
\nBills (first issued in 1885): 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 <\/span><\/span>Lev Zlato<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/i>
\nExchange: 1 Lev Zlato = $ 0.193 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Canada<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

100 cents = 1 Dollar (Canadian)<\/span><\/span>
\nCoins:<\/span><\/span>
\n1 cent \u2013 bronze<\/span><\/span>
\n5, 10, 25, 50 cent, 1 dollar \u2013 silver<\/span><\/span>
\n5, 10 dollar \u2013 gold<\/span><\/span>
\nBills:<\/span><\/span>
\n1, 2, 4 dollar<\/span><\/span>
\nBank Legal Issue: 500, 1000, 5000 dollars (used only in bank transactions) \u201cShinplasters\u201d: 25 cents (issued in 1870)<\/span><\/span>
\nExchange: 1 $ (Canadian) = $1 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

In 1857, the Canadian government formally adopted the \u2018decimal\u2019 system, and fixed the value of the Canadian dollar to the US dollar.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

China<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

800-1600 cash = 1 Tael<\/span><\/span>
\n400 Sinkiang \u201cred\u201d cash = 1 Tael Coins:<\/span><\/span>
\n1, 5, 10 cash \u2013 cast bronze<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(The sinkiang \u201cred\u201d cash were cast from copper in the western provinces)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1 dollar in cash coins weighed about 4 pounds! <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSycee\u201d trade ingots: In order to store or transport any significant amount of money, silver ingots were used.<\/span><\/span>These were cast in a number of shapes and weights, and were stamped with the weights and various inscriptions. The most common was the boat or \u201cslipper\u201d shape, and came in the following denominations:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Tael, 72\/100, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 25, and 50 tael. One tael weighs between 35 and 38 grams silver<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Bills:<\/span><\/span>
    \n1853 issue: 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 5000 Cash;<\/span><\/span>
    \n1, 3, 5, 10, 50 Taels<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Egypt<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    (1885-1916)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    10 Ushr-al-Qirsh = 1 Piastre\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 100 <\/span><\/span>piastres = 1 Egyptian Pound<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span><\/span>
    \n1\/40, 1\/20, 1\/10, 1\/5, <\/span><\/span> qirsh \u2013 bronze or copper\/nickel<\/span><\/span>
    \n1, 2, 5, 10 qirsh \u2013 silver<\/span><\/span>
    \n10 qirsh \u2013 gold = 1 Piastre
    \n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Exchange: 1 Egyptian Pound = $4.94 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    France<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

    10 centimes = 1 Decime<\/span>
    \n10 Decimes = 1 Franc<\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span>
    \n1, 2, 5, 10 centimes \u2013 bronze<\/span>
    \n25 centimes \u2013 nickel<\/span>
    \n50 centimes, 1, 2 Franc \u2013 silver<\/span>
    \n10, 20, 100 Franc \u2013 gold<\/span><\/p>\n

    Bills:\u00a0 <\/span>5, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 Francs <\/span><\/p>\n

    Exchange: 1 Franc = $0.193 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    German States<\/b><\/span>
    \n(after 1871)<\/span><\/p>\n

    100 Pfennig = 1 Mark<\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span>
    \n1, 2, 5, 10 pfennig \u2013 copper or copper\/nickel<\/span>
    \n25 pfennig \u2013 nickel<\/span>
    \n50 pfennig, 1, 2, 3, 5 Mark \u2013 silver<\/span>
    \n10, 20 Mark \u2013 gold<\/span><\/p>\n

    Bills (first issued in Marks in 1874):\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 1000 Marks<\/span><\/p>\n

    Exchange: 1 Mark = $ 0.24 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

    The Mark, introduced in 1871, was originally a unit of weight. The 3-Mark coin was often referred to as a \u201cThaler\u201d, after the older monetary system.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Greece<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

    100 lepta = 1 Drachma<\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span>
    \n5, 10, 20 lepta \u2013 nickel<\/span>
    \n50 lepta \u2013 copper\/nickel<\/span>
    \n1, 2 drachmai \u2013 silver<\/span>
    \n5, 10, 20, 50, 100 drachmai \u2013 gold<\/span><\/p>\n

    Bills:\u00a0 <\/span>1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 100 drachmai <\/span><\/p>\n

    Exchange: 1 drachma = $ 0.193 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Hong Kong<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

    10 mil (wen, ch\u2019ien) = 1 Cent (Hsien)<\/span><\/p>\n

    100 cents = 1 Dollar (Yuan)<\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span>
    \n1 cent \u2013 bronze<\/span>
    \n5, 10, 20, 50 \u2013 silver<\/span><\/p>\n

    Bills (Issued by the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China since 1865):\u00a0 <\/span>5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, dollars<\/span><\/p>\n

    Exchange: 1 dollar (Hong Kong) = $ 0.464 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    India, British Colonies<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

    3 pies = Pice (piasa)<\/span><\/p>\n

    4 pice = 1 Anna<\/span><\/p>\n

    16 Annas = 1 Rupee<\/span><\/p>\n

    15 rupees = 1 Mohor<\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span><\/p>\n

    1\/12 anna, <\/span> pice, anna \u2013 copper, silver, and gold versions<\/span>
    \nanna \u2013 copper and gold versions<\/span>
    \n1 anna \u2013 copper-nickel<\/span>
    \n2 anna \u2013 silver and gold versions <\/span> rupee \u2013 silver and gold versions<\/span>
    \nrupee, 1 rupee \u2013 silver<\/span><\/p>\n

    Bills (first issued in 1861):\u00a0 <\/span>5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 10,000 Rupees <\/span><\/p>\n

    Exchange: 1 Rupee = $0.203 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    India, Princely States<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u201cIn each state, local rates of exchange prevailed. There was no fixed rate between copper, silver, or gold coins, but rates varied in accordance with the values of the metal and by the edict of local authority. <\/span>Within the subcontinent, different regions used distinctive coin standards. In North India and the Deccan, the silver rupee (11.6g) and the gold mohur (11.0g) predominated. In Gujarat, the silver kori (4.7g) and gold kori (6.4g) were the main currency. In South India, the silver fanam (0.7 \u2013 1.0g) and the gold hun or pagoda (3.4g) were current. Copper coins in all parts of India were produced to a myriad of local metrologies with seemingly endless variety\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u2013from the<\/span> Standard Catalog of World Coins<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Italy<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

    100 centesimi = 1 Lira<\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span>
    \n1, 2, 5, 10 centesimi \u2013 copper<\/span>
    \n20, 25, 50 centsimi \u2013 nickel<\/span>
    \n1,2 lira \u2013 silver<\/span>
    \n5, 10, 20, 50, 100 lira \u2013 gold<\/span><\/p>\n

    Bills (first issued in 1874):\u00a0 <\/span>50 Centesimi, 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 Lira<\/span><\/p>\n

    Exchange: 1 Lira = $ 0.193 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Japan<\/b><\/span><\/span>
    \n(after 1871)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    1000 rin = 10 Sen = 1 Yen<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span><\/span>
    \n5 rin, 1 sen \u2013bronze<\/span><\/span>
    \n5 sen \u2013 copper\/nickel<\/span><\/span>
    \n10, 20 sen, 1 yen \u2013 silver<\/span><\/span>
    \n5, 10, 20 yen \u2013 gold<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Bills (first issued in 1881):<\/span><\/span>20, 50 Sen; 1, 5, 10 Yen<\/span><\/span>
    \nConvertible Silver Issues (1885): 1, 5, 10, 100 Yen<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Exchange: 1 Yen = $0.498 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Mexico<\/b><\/span><\/span>
    \n(since 1863)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    100 centavos = 1 Peso<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span><\/span>
    \n1 centavo \u2013 copper<\/span><\/span>
    \n5, 10, 20 centavo, 1 peso \u2013 silver<\/span><\/span>
    \n1, 5, 10, 20 pesos \u2013 gold<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Bills (first issued in 1866):<\/span><\/span> 10, 20, 100, 200, Pesos<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Exchange: 1 Peso = $ 0.462 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Romania<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    10 bani = 1 Leu<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span><\/span>5, 10, 20 bani \u2013 copper\/nickel<\/span><\/span>
    \n50 bani, 1 leu, 5 lei \u2013 silver<\/span><\/span>
    \n12<\/span><\/span> , 20, 25, 50, 100 lei \u2013 gold<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Bills (first issued in 1877):<\/span><\/span> 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 Lei<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Exchange: 1 Leu = $ 0.193 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Switzerland<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    100 centimes (rappen) = 10 Batzen = 1 Franc<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span><\/span>
    \n1, 2 centimes \u2013 copper<\/span><\/span>
    \n5, 10, 20 centimes \u2013 nickel<\/span><\/span>
    \n, 1, 2, 5 franc \u2013 silver<\/span><\/span>
    \n20 franc \u2013 gold<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Exchange: 1 Franc = $ 0.193 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Russian Empire<\/p>\n

    \u00bc kopek = 1 Polushka<\/span><\/span>
    \n\u00bd kopek = 1 Denga (Denezhka) 50 kopeks = 1 Poltina<\/span><\/span>
    \n100 kopeks = 1 Ruble<\/span><\/span>
    \n10 Rubles = 1 Imperial (Chervonetz)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    1\/4<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>1\/2<\/span><\/span>, 1, 2, 3 kopeks \u2013 copper<\/span><\/span>5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50<\/span><\/span>
    \n kopeks, 1 ruble \u2013 silver<\/span><\/span>
    \n5, 10, 25, 27, 37<\/span><\/span> rubles \u2013 gold<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Bills (the 500 and 1000 Ruble notes were first issued in 1886): <\/span><\/span><\/span>1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 100, 500, 1000 Rubles <\/span>
    \nExchange: 1 Ruble = $ 0.515 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    In addition, there were a number of coin-like tokens made of silver that occasionally found their way into trades and stolen hordes \u2013 Russian law required that all silver refined out of the gold ore be returned to the mine owners. This silver was minted into circular ingots like coins, and stamped with various markings. The units \u2013 dolya and zolotnik, were coins in the 11<\/span><\/span>th<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span> century, but long since had become units of weight, rather like the troy ounce.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    96 dolya (doli) = 1 Zolotnik<\/span><\/span>
    \n1 Zolotnik = 4.266 grams silver<\/span><\/span>
    \n24 dolya, 1, 3, 10 Zolotnik<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Turkey and the Ottoman Empire<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    40 para = 1 Kurush (Piastre)<\/span><\/span>
    \n2 kurush (piastres) = 1 Kilik<\/span><\/span>
    \n2<\/span><\/span> kurush = 1 Yuzluk<\/span><\/span>
    \n3 kurush = 1 Uechlik<\/span><\/span>
    \n5 kurush = 1 Beshlik<\/span><\/span>
    \n6 kurush = 1 Altilik<\/span><\/span>
    \n100 kurush = 1 Lira (Turkish Pound)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Coins:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    5, 10 para, 1, 2, 5, 10 kurush \u2013 silver<\/span><\/span>
    \n12<\/span><\/span> , 25, 50, 100, 200, 500 kurush \u2013 gold<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Bills (first issued in 1840):\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 Kurush; 1, 5 Lira <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Exchange: 1 piaster = $ 0.044 (US)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The English Monetary System in the Victorian Period Money was divided into pounds (\u00a3) shillings (s. or \/-) and pennies (d.). Thus, 4 pounds, eight shillings and fourpence would be written as \u00a34\/8\/4d. or \u00a34-8-4d.\u00a0\u00a0 The written amount 2 \/ … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/668"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=668"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/668\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":699,"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/668\/revisions\/699"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dreadful.missiledine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=668"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}